Material characterization and restoration of mural paintings of El-Muzzawaka Tombs, Dakhla Oases, Egypt

Mona Ali; Hanaa Shawki; Hussein  Marey Mahmoud

doi:10.37558/gec.v18i1.773

Mona Ali Department of Conservation, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6631-5003
Hanaa Shawki Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Cairo, Egypt
Hussein Marey Mahmoud Department of conservation, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-1580

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37558/gec.v18i1.773

Palavras-chave: Dakhla Oases, tumbas de rocha El-Muzzawaka, pinturas murais, SEM−EDS, XRD, FT−IR, deterioração, restauração

Resumo

O presente estudo mostra os procedimentos científicos aplicados ao estudo de pinturas murais de duas tumbas greco-romanas de El-Muzzawaka, Dakhla Oásis, Egito. Numa primeira fase aplicaram-se diversos métodos analíticos para determinar a composição química e mineralógica de amostras de pigmento e gesso recolhidas das tumbas estudadas. As análises foram realizadas por meio de microscopia ótica (OM) digital, microscopia de luz polarizada (PLM), microscopia eletrónica de varrimento acoplada a detector de raios X (MEV - EDS), análise por difração de raios X (DRX) e espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). As análises das amostras de pigmento revelaram azul egípcio, verde egípcio, terra verde, magnetita preta e ocres vermelho / amarelo. As pinturas foram aplicadas sobre uma camada de gesso grosso constituída por gesso, anidrite, calcite e quartzo. A camada de preparação é composta por duas fases de sulfato de cálcio (gesso e anidrite). Além disso, o recurso à técnica a têmpera é confirmada pela deteção de um aglutinante orgânico, a goma-arábica. Os resultados mostraram que as amostras de leito rochoso contêm quantidades variáveis de quartzo, anidrite, montmorilonite, caulinite, gesso e cloreto de sódio (halite). As observações in situ mostraram várias formas de deterioração nas pinturas murais estudadas. A condição climática destrutiva da região e os defeitos da estrutura rochosa têm contribuído seriamente para o processo de deterioração. Com base em testes experimentais forma usados múltiplos procedimentos de restauro, designadamente limpeza, fixações, consolidação por injeção, reconstrução de partes do gesso em falta, reparação de fissuras abertas e consolidação protetora final das superfícies pintadas. Além disso, foram discutidas recomendações para minimizar quaisquer danos futuros.

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Biografias Autor

Mona Ali, Department of Conservation, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University

Mona Fouad Alì received her BA in 1982 and MA in the same discipline in 1989 with the highest marks. PhD in Conservation & Restoration of Antiquities in 1994. Assistant professor at the University of Cairo since 1999. She served as Head of Conservation Dept. in the Faculty of Archaeology and Director of the Conservation Centre. Since 1987 she has carried out and supervised more than 30 research projects on the conservation and restoration of various types of work of art (frescoes, wall paintings, mosaics, wood structures, etc.) with application on real CH structures. She has carried out teaching activities at Cairo University, the Fayome Branch&El Menia University, Alexandria University. She has published several papers in International Conferences and Journals She has participated in several international activities: ICR-Rome; 14^th International Course on the Technology of Stone Conservation (ICCROM-UNESCO); and scientific mission: Moscow (2004), China (2006), Bosnia (2007), Warsaw Poland (2008). Permanent member of the Committee of the conservation of paintings in the Supreme Council of Antiquities since 1995. Member in Supreme Council of Culture since 2007 and in Supreme Council of Antiquities since 2008.

Hanaa Shawki, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Cairo, Egypt

Hanaa Shawki received her BA and Master from the department of Conservation of Cairo Univeristy. She is a conservator at the ministry of Tourism and Antiquities of Egypt. Currently, she is working on her Phd thesis on the conservation of composite artefacts.

Hussein Marey Mahmoud, Department of conservation, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt

Hussein Marey Mahmoud received his Master in conservation of mural paintings from the depertment of conservation of Cairo Univeristy, in 2005. In 2009, he received his PhD degree from the interdepartmental postgraduate programme on the protection of cultural heritage, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Currently, he is working as an associate professor at the Department of Conservation, Faculty of Archaeology of Cairo University, Egypt. He is author for more than 39 article published in peer-reviewed journals. Also, he served as a reviewer for some journals published by ElSevier and Springer.

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