Environmental degradation of Modern non-balanced glasses

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37558/gec.v17i1.690
Keywords: Glass, Crizzling, Natural environment, Degradation mechanism

Abstract

Crizzling is an alteration pathology related to non-balanced glasses (high content of flux oxides and low content of stabilizer ones), which can produce an intense damage on glasses such as transparency losses, appearance of drops on the surface or cracking. In this work, two case studies (outdoor and indoor environment) were presented. It was observed that the main alteration agent for these glasses was the water (rain, condensation and environmental humidity). In the outdoor environment, the rain washed away the [OH−] ions formed during the alteration; however, the exposure to cyclic conditions accelerated its alteration rate. In the indoor environment, the hygroscopicity of the glasses attracts the environmental humidity and produces the degradation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Teresa Palomar, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (CSIC)

Doctor in Chemistry in the Autonoma University of Madrid in 2013 and Master in Conservation Science in the Pablo de Olavide University (Sevilla) in 2016. She has developed her scientific career in the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Spanish Centre Foundation of Glass (FCNV) and the Research Unit VICARTE "Glass and Ceramic for the Arts" (Portugal). Currently, she is a postdoctoral researcher in the Institute of Ceramic and Glass (ICV-CSIC) with a contract to the Program Comfuturo “Un COMpromiso público privado con la ciencia y el FUTURO”. Her scientific career has been focused on the conservation of inorganic materials from cultural heritage, especially on glass and metal. She has received the Special Mention in the Young Researcher on Conservation Science Award 2018 organized by the Spanish group of the International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.

Alexandra Rodrigues, Unidade de investigação VICARTE “Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes”, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, FCT-UNL, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

Master and Ph.D. in Conservation and Restoration, specialization in Conservation Science, by Faculty of Science and Technology NOVA University of Lisbon (FCT-NOVA), in 2019.

She has developed her scientific career in FCT-NOVA (Dep. Conservation and Restoration and Research Unit VICARTE "Glass and Ceramic for the Arts"), in collaboration with national cultural institutions such as Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga and National Palace of Pena (Portugal). She is currently a research fellow on the project NanoCStoneH (collaboration between Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, and Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal) granted by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, focused on the development of nanocomposite materials for consolidation of carbonate stone, and a VICARTE research member.

Her scientific career has been focused on the conservation of inorganic materials from cultural heritage, especially on glass and stained-glass (study and characterization of collections; of materials and production techniques; and of glass corrosion processes), and currently also on stone preservation.

References

ALLOTEAU, F., LEHUÉDÉ, P., MAJÉRUS, O., BIRON, I., DERVANIAN, A., CHARPENTIER, T., CAURANT, D., (2017) “New insight into atmospheric alteration of alkali-lime silicate glasses”, Corrosion Science 122: 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.03.025

ALLOTEAU, F., MAJÉRUS, O., BIRON, I., LEHUÉDÉ, P., CAURANT, D., CHARPENTIER, T., SEYEUX, A., (2019) “Temperature-dependent mechanisms of the atmospheric alteration of a mixed-alkali lime silicate glass”, Corrosion Science. Elsevier, 159: p. 108129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108129

FERNÁNDEZ NAVARRO, J. M. (2003). El vidrio, Madrid: Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press.

GENTAZ, L., LOMBARDO, T., LOISEL, C., CHABAS, A. VALLOTTO, M. (2011). “Early stage of weathering of medieval-like potash–lime model glass: evaluation of key factors”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 18: 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0370-7

GIBSON, L. T., WATT, C. M. (2010). “Acetic and formic acids emitted from wood samples and their effect on selected materials in museum environments”, Corrosion Science, 52: 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.08.054

GIN, S., COLLIN, M., JOLLIVET, P., FOURNIER, M., MINET, Y., DUPUY, L., MAHADEVAN, T., KERISIT, S., DU, J. (2018). ”Dynamics of selfreorganization explains passivation of silicate glasses”, Nat. Commun. 9: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04511-2

KOOB, S. (2006) Conservation and care of glass objects. Archetype.

KUNICKI-GOLDFINGER, J. 2003. “Preventive conservation strategy for glass collections. Identification of glass objects susceptible to crizzling” In: KOZLOWSKI, R. (ed.) Proceedings of the 5th EC Conference ‘Cultural Heritage Research: a Pan-European Challenge’. Cracow, Poland: Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, European Community: 301-304.

KUNICKI-GOLDFINGER, J. J. (2008). “Unstable historic glass: symptoms, causes, mechanisms and conservation”, Studies in Conservation, 53: 47-60. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.2008.53.Supplement-2.47

LOMBARDO, T., CHABAS, A., VERNEY-CARRON, A., CACHIER, H., TRIQUET, S., DARCHY, S. (2014). “Physico-chemical characterisation of glass soiling in rural, urban and industrial environments”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21: 9251-9258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2853-4

MELCHER, M., SCHREINER, M. (2005). “Evaluation procedure for leaching studies on naturally weathered potash-lime-silica glasses with medieval composition by scanning electron microscopy”, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 351: 1210-1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2005.02.020

MELCHER, M., SCHREINER, M. (2006). “Leaching studies on naturally weathered potash-lime–silica glasses”, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 352: 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.01.017

MELCHER, M., SCHREINER, M., KREISLOVA, K. (2008). “Artificial weathering of model glasses with medieval compositions– an empirical study on the influence of particulates”, Physics and Chemistry of Glasses - European Journal of Glass Science andTechnology Part B, 49: 346-356.

MUNIER, I., LEFÈVRE, R., GEOTTI-BIANCHINI, F. , VERITÀ, M. (2002). “Influence of polluted urban atmosphere on the weathering of low durability glasses”, Glass Technology, 43: 225-237.

PALOMAR, T. (2013). La interacción de los vidrios históricos con medios atmosféricos, acuáticos y enterramientos. PhD dissertation, Universidad Aunónoma de Madrid (Spain).

PALOMAR, T. (2018). “Chemical composition and alteration processes of glasses from the Cathedral of León (Spain)”, Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio, 57: 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2017.10.001

PALOMAR, T., AGUA, F., GARCÍA-HERAS, M., VILLEGAS, M. A. (2011). “Chemical degradation and chromophores of 18th century window glasses”, Glass Technology - European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part A, 52: 145-153. https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004837

PALOMAR, T., CHABAS, A., BASTIDAS, D. M., DE LA FUENTE, D. & VERNEY-CARRON, A. (2017). “Effect of marine aerosols on the alteration of silicate glasses”, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 471: 328-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.06.013

PALOMAR, T., DE LA FUENTE, D., MORCILLO, M., ALVAREZ DE BUERGO, M., VILARIGUES, M. (2019). “Early stages of glass alteration in the coastal atmosphere”, Building and Environment, 147: 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.10.034

PALOMAR, T., LLORENTE, I. (2016). “Decay processes of silicate glasses in river and marine aquatic environments”, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 449: 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.07.009

PALOMAR, T., REDOL, P., CRUZ ALMEIDA, I., PEREIRA DA SILVA, E., VILARIGUES, M. (2018). “The influence of environment in the alteration of the stained-glass windows in Portuguese monuments”, Heritage, 1: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage1020025

ROBINET, L., HALL, C., EREMIN, K., FEARN, S., TATE, J. (2009). “Alteration of soda silicate glasses by organic pollutants in museums: Mechanisms and kinetics”, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 355: 1479-1488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2009.05.011

RODRIGUES, A., GUTIERREZ-PATRICIO, S., MILLER, A. Z.; SAIZ-JIMENEZ, C., WILEY, R., NUNES, D., VILARIGUES, M., MACEDO, M. F (2014). “Fungal biodeterioration of stained-glass windows”, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 90: 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.03.007

RODRIGUES, A., MARTINHO., B. (2015) “The Assemblage of a Distinct Glass Collection – The creation and display of the glass and stained-glass collection of Ferdinand II of Portugal”, Revista de História da Arte, 2: 76–93.

RODRIGUES, A., FEARN, S., PALOMAR, T., VILARIGUES, M. (2018a). “Early stages of surface alteration of soda-rich-silicate glasses in the museum environment”, Corrosion Science, 143: 362-375.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.08.012

RODRIGUES, A., FEARN, S., VILARIGUES, M. (2018b). “Historic K-rich silicate glass surface alteration: Behaviour of high-silica content matrices”, Corrosion Science, 145: 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.10.010

TÉTREAULT, J., SIROIS, J., STAMATOPOULOU, E. (1998). “Studies of lead corrosion in acetic acid environments”, Studies in Conservation, 43: 17-32. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1998.43.1.17

THICKETT, D., LEE, L. R. (2004). Selection of materials for the storage or display of museum objects, London: The British Museum

VERHAAR, G., VAN BOMMEL, M. R, TENNENT, N. H. 2016. “Weeping Glass: The Identification of Ionic Species on the Surface of Vessel Glass Using Ion Chromatography”. In: ROEMICH, H. & FAIR, L. (eds.) Recent advances in glass and ceramics conservation 2016. Paris: International Council of Museums - Committee for Conservation (ICOM-CC).

WOISETSCHLÄGER, G., DUTZ, M., PAUL, S., SCHREINER, M. (2000). “Weathering phenomena on naturally weathered potash-lime-silica-glass with Medieval composition studied by Secondary Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Microanalysis”, Microchimica Acta, 135: 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s006040070001

Published
2020-06-25
How to Cite
Palomar, T., & Rodrigues, A. (2020). Environmental degradation of Modern non-balanced glasses. Ge-Conservacion, 17(1), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.37558/gec.v17i1.690
Issue
Vol. 17 (2020): Ge-conservación Nº17
Section
Suplemento
  1. Copyright and intellectual property belongs to author. Author guarantees editing and publishing rights to Ge-Conservación Journal, under a Creative Commons Attribution License. This license allows others to share the work with authorship and the original source of publication acknowledgement.
  2. Articles can be used for scientific and educational purposes but never for commercial use, being sanctioned by law.
  3. The whole content of the article is author’s responsibility.
  4. Ge-Conservación Journal and authors may establish additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the work version published at the Journal (for example, on institutional repositories or on a book) with acknowledgment of the original publication on this Journal.
  5. Author is allowed and encouraged to disseminate his works electronically (for example, on institutional repositories or on its own website) after being published on Ge-Conservación Journal. This will contribute for fruitful interchanges as also for wider and earlier citations of the author’s works.
  6. Author’s personal data will only be used for the Journal purposes and will not be given to others.